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Ronald H. Silverman is currently Professor of Ophthalmic Science at Columbia University Medical Center. He is currently the director of the (CUMC Basic Science Course in Ophthalmology ), which takes place every January at the Harkness Eye Institute. He departed Weill Cornell Medical College in 2010, where he was Professor of Ophthalmology as well as a Dyson Scholar and the Research Director of the Bioacoustic Research Facility, Margaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute at Weill Cornell. Dr. Silverman holds an M.S. in Bioengineering from the Polytechnic Institute of New York, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Polytechnic University. He is also a Member of the Research Staff at the Frederic L. Lizzi Center for Biomedical Engineering, Riverside Research Institute. Dr. Silverman is an internationally recognized leader in the field of ultrasound research, especially high-resolution imaging,〔Silverman RH, Rondeau MJ, Lizzi FL, Coleman DJ. Three-dimensional ultrasonic parameter imaging of anterior segment pathology. Ophthalmology 102:837-843, 1995.〕〔Silverman RH, Reinstein DZ, Raevsky T, Coleman DJ. Improved system for ultrasonic imaging and biometry. J Ultra Med. 16:117-124, 1997.〕〔Silverman RH, Lizzi FL, Ursea BG, Rondeau MJ, Eldeen NB, Kaliscz A, Lloyd HO, Coleman DJ. High-resolution ultrasonic imaging and characterization of the ciliary body. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 42:885-894, 2001.〕〔Silverman RH, Ketterling JA, Coleman DJ. “High-frequency ultrasonic imaging of the anterior segment using an annular array transducer.” Ophthalmology. 114(4); 816-822, 2007.〕〔Silverman RH, Ketterling JA, Mamou J, Lloyd HO, Filoux E, Coleman DJ. Pulse-encoded ultrasound imaging of the vitreous with an annular array. Ophth Surg Lasers Imag. 2012;43(1):82-86.〕〔Silverman RH. High-resolution ultrasound imaging of the eye. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2009;37(1):54-67.〕 photoacoustic imaging〔Silverman RH, Kong F, Chen YC, Lloyd HO, Kim HH, Cannata JM, Shung KK, Coleman DJ. High-resolution photoacoustic imaging of ocular tissues. Ultra Med Biol. 2010;36:733-742.〕〔Kong F, Silverman RH, Liu L, Chitnis P, Chen YC. Photoacoustic-guided convergence of light through optically diffusive media. Optics Letters 2011;36(11):2053-2055.〕〔Kong F, Chen Y-C, Lloyd HO, Silverman RH, Kim H, Cannata JM, Shung KK. High-resolution photoacoustic imaging with focused laser and ultrasonic beams. Appl Phys Lett. 2009; 94, 033902-1-3.〕 and bioeffects.,〔Silverman RH, Lizzi FL, Ursea BG, Cozzarelli L, Ketterling JA, Deng CX, Folberg R, Coleman DJ. Safety levels for exposure of cornea and lens to very high-frequency ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. 20:979-986, 2001.〕〔Silverman RH, Urs R, Lloyd HO. Effect of ultrasound radiation force on the choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(1):103.〕 Dr. Silverman is a Fellow of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, past President of the American Society of Ophthalmic Ultrasound and is on the Advisory Boards of the National Institutes of Health Transducer Resource and the Ocular Oncology Research Society. He has served on numerous grant review panels, is a frequent reviewer for scientific journals and conferences, has given many invited lectures and has often served as a moderator at scientific conferences. Dr. Silverman has helped pioneer the use of ultrasound in ophthalmology. He developed a multivariate statistical model based on ultrasound spectral parameters to differentiate metastatic carcinoma, and two subtypes of uveal malignant melanoma. Publication of these findings in 1983〔Coleman DJ, Lizzi FL, Silverman RH,, Rondeau MJ, Smith ME, Torpey JH. Acoustic biopsy as a means for characterization of intraocular tumors. American Academy of Ophthalmology, Acta: XXIV International Congress of Ophthalmology, edited by Paul Henkind, MD, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1983, pp. 115-118.〕 represented one of the first reports in the literature of medical diagnosis based on multivariate statistical analysis and one of the earliest applications of ultrasound tissue characterization. Dr. Silverman was involved in the development of the use of high-intensity ultrasound for treatment of glaucoma.〔Coleman DJ, Lizzi FL, Driller J, Rosado A, Burgess SEP, Torpey JH, Smith ME, Silverman RH, Yablonski ME, Chang S, Rondeau MJ. Therapeutic ultrasound in the treatment of glaucoma: II. Clinical applications. Ophthalmology 92:347-353, 1985.〕〔Burgess SEP, Silverman RH, Coleman DJ, Yablonski ME, Lizzi FL, Driller J, Rosado A. Dennis PH. Treatment of glaucoma with high-intensity focused ultrasound. Ophthalmology 93:831-838, 1986.〕〔Silverman RH, Vogelsang B, Rondeau MJ, Coleman DJ. Therapeutic ultrasound for the treatment of glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 111:327-337, 1991.〕 This project involved direction of an intense focused ultrasound beam at the region of the ciliary body to cause cyclodestruction. This project eventually led to a commercial device (Sonocare, Inc.) manufactured under license by Cornell, and a multicenter clinical trial. Silverman was instrumental in compiling and providing statistical analysis of treatment results from over a thousand patients treated for refractory glaucoma by this device at over 20 centers. The device became the first FDA-approved high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) system. (Several commercial HIFU systems are now in clinical use, although laser techniques based on this groundbreaking effort have supplanted this technique.) While working full-time at Cornell, Dr. Silverman spent his evenings studying Computer Science at Polytechnic University for a PhD. Following his interest in multivariate analysis, he became interested in the then obscure field of neural networks – simulated non-linear interconnected processing units designed to perform pattern recognition in a manner loosely connected to how the brain performs such tasks. Dr. Silverman implemented a new technique called ‘back-propagation’. As part of his dissertation, he demonstrated how a multiscaled non-linear neural net could be used for automatic pattern recognition to localize tumors in ultrasound B-scans, and then to access the underlying echo data and then perform a non-linear multidimensional analysis to classify the tumor type. This work represented the first use of neural nets in medical imaging and the first use of neural nets for medical diagnosis. Dr. Silverman received his doctorate for this work in 1990.〔Silverman RH, Noetzel AS. Image processing and pattern recognition in ultrasonograms by backpropagation. Neural Networks 3:593-603, 1990.〕 In the early 1990s, Dr. Silverman was instrumental in the development and clinical application of one of the first very high frequency ultrasound systems. He developed a system for acquisition of a series of parallel scan planes with a 50 MHz transducer, allowing 3-D reconstruction of the anterior segment of the eye with an axial resolution of about 30 micrometres. Working with Dan Reinstein, Dr. Silverman developed software for processing 3-D scans of the cornea that allowed measurement and mapping of corneal thickness as well as the thickness of the stroma and epithelium.〔Reinstein DZ, Silverman RH, Rondeau MJ, Coleman DJ. Epithelial and corneal thickness measurements by high-frequency ultrasound digital signal processing, Ophthalmology, 101: 140-146, 1994.〕 They also found that they could detect and measure the flap interface in LASIK-treated eyes, and demonstrated epithelial thickening associated with regions where the stroma had been ablated.〔Reinstein DZ, Silverman RH, Trokel SL, Allemann N, Coleman DJ. High-frequency ultrasound digital signal processing for biometry of the cornea in planning phototherapeutic keratectomy. Arch Ophthalmol 111: 431-431, 1993.〕〔Reinstein DZ, Silverman RH, Trokel SL, Coleman DJ. Corneal pachymetric topography. Ophthalmology 101:432-438, 1994.〕 While a major achievement, the linear 3-D scan system could only obtain data in the 3 mm zone of the central cornea due to its specularity. Silverman then developed a new 3-D scan system with 5-degrees of freedom. This system allowed the cornea to be scanned in a series of arcs such that the beam axis was maintained orthogonal to the corneal surface and the focal point maintained on the surface. This system allowed demonstration of the importance of arc-scanning for corneal analysis〔Reinstein DZ, Silverman RH, Raevsky T, Simoni GJ, Lloyd HO, Najafi DJ, Rondeau MJ, Coleman, DJ. Arc-scanning very high-frequency ultrasound for 3-D pachymetric mapping of the corneal epithelium and stroma in laser in situ keratomileusis. J Refract Surg. 16:414-430, 2000.〕 and led to the subsequent development of a far simpler arc-scan device with just two programmable axes. This system led to a commercial system (Artemis-2, Ultralink, LLC), manufactured under license from Cornell University. Dr. Silverman, working with Katherine Ferrara, (now Chair, Biomedical Engineering, USC-Davis), developed a new technique called swept mode for imaging of slow flow in the microvasculature.〔Silverman RH, Kruse D, Coleman DJ, Ferrara KW. High-resolution ultrasonic imaging of blood-flow in the anterior segment of the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 40:1373-81, 1999.〕〔Kruse D, Silverman R, Erickson S, Coleman DJ, Ferrara K. Optimization of real-time high frequency ultrasound for blood flow imaging in the microcirculation. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium:1461-1464, 2000.〕 This technique was demonstrated in the iris and ciliary body and was eventually patented. Dr. Silverman described the first use of 20 MHz ultrasound to obtain improved high resolution of retinal and choroidal pathologies such as nevii and small tumors in 2004.〔Coleman DJ, Silverman RH, Chabi A, Rondeau MJ, Shung KK, Cannata J, Lincoff H. High Resolution Ultrasonic Imaging of the Posterior Segment, Ophthalmology 111:1344-1351, 2004.〕 More recently, Dr. Silverman has explored the use of acoustic radiation force for characterization to ocular tissue properties. He has demonstrated measurement of force-induced displacements in the rabbit cornea during exposures of a few milliseconds, and that such displacements correlated with corneal stiffness.〔Urs R, Lloyd HO, Silverman RH. Acoustic radiation force for noninvasive evaluation of corneal biomechanical changes induced by cross-linking therapy. J Ultrasound Med. 2014 Aug;33(8):1417-26.〕 He also applied this technique to the retina/choroid in the rabbit and demonstrated not only force-induced displacements in these tissues and in the orbit, but also alteration in choroidal backscatter under conditions of elevated intraocular pressure where blood-flow was impeded.〔Silverman RH, Urs R, Lloyd HO. Effect of ultrasound radiation force on the choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013 Jan 10;54(1):103-9.〕 == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ronald Silverman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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